Essay Women Trade

Essay

For this essay I had to do an analysis of three different journals that are on a webpage. This webpage (talks) it’s about Education Resources Information Center, and it’s better known as “ERIC” web page. These journals will be very useful to understand several aspects that are involved whit causes and consequences of my main topic that is Women trade. This mentioned aspects could be women behavior, prostitution, kidnapped, sexual abuse, criminal activities, etc. These journals have all that things, and some many others that I’m going to explain in this essay. Also I’m going to talk about the similarities and differences of the journals.

The firs journal that I founded it calls “On the Lifetime Prevalence of Running Away from Home” by Michael R. Pergamit. The second one was “A Prospective Examination of the Path from Child Abuse and Neglect to Illicit Drug Use in Middle Adulthood: The Potential Mediating Role of Four Risk Factors” by Helen Wilson W. and , Cathy Widom Spatz. And the least was A Descriptive Study on Sexually Exploited Children in Residential Treatment by Twill, Sarah E.; Green, Denise M.; Traylor, Amy. Here is the first big difference about these journals: their topic name. Although the topic names are different, we will find arguments that are very similar on these journals. These three journals are similar because they mentioned the topic of the prostitution several times: “Nearly one in five U.S. youths will run away from home before age 18. Almost 30 percent of these youth will do so three or more times, greatly increasing their risk of violence, crime, drugs, prostitution, STDs, and many other problems” (Pergamit, 2010), “Sexual exploitation and prostitution of children and adolescents is a multibillion dollar industry in the United States” (Twill, Green, & Traylor, 2010), “This study examines prostitution, homelessness, delinquency and crime, and school problems as potential mediators of the relationship between childhood abuse and neglect (CAN) and illicit drug use in middle adulthood.” (Wilson & Widom, 2009). The prostitution is a consequence of women trade. Must women that are kidnapped, have been lured from their homes around the world by criminals with the promise of a better life, and many are held captive and abused by gangsters while being sold for sex.  The intention in the journals was different, for example: in the first journal the intention was “estimate the percentage of youth who run away from home before the age of 18, estimate the distribution of the number of times youth run away before age 18, estimate the age at which these youth first run away, and know, how these estimates help inform about runaway behavior.” (Pergamit, 2010), so the author most refer to a youth runaway behavior (that also influence causes of women trade). The intention of second journal was “Find potential mediators of the relationship between childhood abuse and neglect (CAN) and illicit drug use in middle adulthood” (Wilson & Widom, 2009), here the author was focused in children abuse and the drug´s use in adulthood.  And to the third journal was: “Found which are the risk factors associated with juvenile prostitutes.”  (Twill, Green, & Traylor, 2010) This information is very useful because it´s most connected to women traffic than the others. Problems in each investigation are also different: “Estimates of the runaway population are difficult to obtain and the exact number of runaway youth is not really known…One confounding problem in understanding the size of the runaway population is that runaway little is known about to what extent youth have multiple runaway episodes experiences among youth tend to be episodic rather than chronic (Robertson 1991)…Studies focused on one year do not capture the age at which youth first ran away, an important factor in understanding the phenomenon” (Pergamit, 2010), the author analyses some problems drifted of previous studies. “The path form child abuse and neglect to prostitution” (Wilson & Widom, 2009) is the problem of the second investigation. “Sexual exploitation and prostitution of children and adolescents is a multibillion dollar industry in the United States, which are the risk factors associated with juvenile prostitutes?” (Twill, Green, & Traylor, 2010) is the problem of the third journal. Hypothesis are different but also were connected in special way: “Youth who have run away from their home demonstrate high rates of delinquent and problem behaviors, including substance abuse (Johnson, Whitbeck, and Hoyt 2005), truancy (De Man 2000), gang involvement (Yoder, Whitbeck, and Hoyt 2003), criminal activity (Hammer, Finkelhor, and Sedlack 2002), and juvenile arrest (Kaufman and Widom 1999). Runaway youth are not only likely to perpetrate crimes and engage in delinquent behaviors, they are also likely to have been victimized at home (Tyler, Cauce, and Whitbeck 2004; Thompson, Zittel-Palamara, and Maccio 2004; Kurtz and Kurtz 1991) and to experience additional victimization once they leave home” (Pergamit, 2010); “It is estimated that 293,000 youth are at-risk of being commercially sexual exploited (Estes and Weiner in "The commercial sexual exploitation of children in the U. S., Canada and Mexico," The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 2001)” (Twill, Green, & Traylor, 2010). .Run away from home is an outstanding element for women trade. This is a common key word in these journals: “This paper examines 5 potential mediators: early sexual initiation, running away, juvenile crime, school problems, and early drug use.” (Wilson & Widom, 2009); “Females show higher rates of running away than males (20.6 versus18.3 percent). Blacks have the highest rates (21.9 percent) and show only small differences by sex. Whites have the next highest rates (19.1 percent) with females having more than a 2 percentage point difference over males. Hispanics have lower rates than either blacks or whites (14.7 percent) and more substantial sex differences with Hispanic males having a rate of only 12.6 percent, much lower than any other group” (Pergamit, 2010). Methods are very important to know how to do an investigation. In first journal the method that the author use is the Quantitative method; he had to “1° Exploit a useful data set, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 cohort (NLSY97), 2° The NISMART-2 was designed specifically to estimate the incidence of running away and included household telephone interviews with parents and youth as well as youth in juvenile facilities. The 1992 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS)… The 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)… Youth are asked about their cigarette use, alcohol use, and drug use; delinquency and criminal behavior; sexual behavior; health; various attitudes and expectations; participation in government income transfer programs (e.g., TANF, Food Stamps); and income and assets. We create an incidence measure to compare with the estimate from the NISMART-2 (the survey with the closest definition of running away)” (Pergamit, 2010). In this case the author use surveys that are done,  he compared with the other surveys and then he made a new survey based in those ones, but include more aspects that will be minimized the probability of error. The second authors use the Qualitative method: “Children with documented cases of physical and sexual abuse and neglect (ages 0-11) during 1967-1971 were matched with non-maltreated children and followed into middle adulthood (approximate age 39). Mediators were assessed in young adulthood (approximate age 29) through in-person interviews between 1989 and 1995 and official arrest records through 1994” (Wilson & Widom, 2009) so the authors use qualitative method because they use interviews and they analyzed cases of physical and sexual abuse, and the third journal uses the Mix method: “Courtrooms in major cities around the country are reporting an increase of juveniles who are prostituted and of the individuals who prostitute them. This descriptive study focused on a unique group home treatment program in a large southern city for adolescent females with a history of juvenile prostitution. The authors found that the participants had low IQ scores and multiple mental health disorders. Latent variable structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test: (1) a four-factor model with separate pathways from CAN to illicit drug use through each of the mediating risk factors and (2) a second-order model with a single mediating risk factor comprised of prostitution, homelessness, delinquency and crime, and poor school performance.” (Twill, Green, & Traylor, 2010), this method is mixed because they are based on phenomena courtrooms, the study is focused on a unique group, but the authors use a structural equation modeling (SEM) that was used to test.

Conclusion:

These three journals contain important factors that can contribute to may final exam, to my final project: Women trade. All these journals talk in different ways of these factors like: youth behavior, runaway from home, criminal activities, sexual and physical abuse, mistreatment, prostitution, delinquency and criminal activities, illicit drug use, health disorders. For example runaway behavior demonstrate rates of delinquent and problem behaviors, including substance abuse, gang involvement, criminal activity, and juvenile arrest. Sexual abuse is connected to early sexual initiation, running away, juvenile crime, school problems, and early drug use.

In these days it is important to know and to comprehend “women trade” and also make an analysis of how we can help to other persons to prevent this phenomenon. I hope that I´ll make a good contribution to society with my investigation.

Bibliography:

Pergamit, M. R. (april, 2010). Education Resources Information Center. Recuperated on  april de 2010, from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/recordDetails.jsp?searchtype=keyword&pageSize=10&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=prostitution&eric_displayStartCount=1&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=kw&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&objectId=0900019b8041f5de&accno=ED510506&

Twill, S. E., Green, D. M., & Traylor, A. (june, 2010). Education Resources Information Center. Recuperated on june , 2010, from  http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/recordDetails.jsp?searchtype=keyword&pageSize=10&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=prostitution&eric_displayStartCount=1&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=kw&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&objectId=0900019b8041b338&accno=EJ885434&

Wilson, H. W., & Widom, C. S. (march, 2009). Education Resources Information Center. Recuperated on march, 2009, from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/recordDetails.jsp?searchtype=keyword&pageSize=10&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=prostitution&eric_displayStartCount=1&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=kw&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&objectId=0900019b803955df&accno=EJ826891&_